Difference between Piaget and Vygotsky Theories

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Cognition in Eastern adults is often more relational and in Western adults is more object focused. I think the real issue is levels of cognition. Yet it is important to know these limits to evaluate childhood development process.

Selective attention and attention switching: Towards a unified developmental approach. Around age 12 months, babies will begin to show word and sentence comprehension as they point to a dog in the picture when prompted or nod their head when asked if they want a cookie. Infants show a bias for listening to speech from birth , match phonetic information in the face and voice by 4. However, a recent study of recognition memory found parallel effects in the visual and auditory modalities for the number of items to be remembered, retention interval, and serial position.

Cognitive Stages for Child Development

Language and are closely connected, practically and conceptually, although there is considerable disagreement among experts about the precise nature of this connection. The debate among linguists and psychologists is much like the chicken-and-egg debate — they question whether the ability to think comes first or the ability to speak comes first. There are three main positions regarding the relationship between language and cognition: language develops largely independent of cognition, cognition influences both language and the pace of , and language precedes cognition and is the primary influence on thought development. There is considered to be validity to all three theories concerning the nature of the connection between language and cognition. Considerable research and evidence exists to support each position. Although many non-human species have a communicative ability that might loosely be called language, only humans utilize a system of rules that incorporates grammar and vocabulary. It refers to the process or act of obtaining knowledge through not only perceiving but through recognizing and judging. Cognition also includes such thinking processes as reasoning, remembering, categorizing, decision-making and problem-solving. For example, cognitive anthropology studies the cultural differences in reasoning and perception. The branch of that studies mental processes such as memory and attention is called cognitive psychology. Within the realm of psychology, is a based on the idea that the way a person cognitively perceives himself or herself in the world determines how he or she feels. Cognitive therapists believe that people can change their emotions by first changing their cognitive perceptions. At its simplest, the connection between language and cognition for normal human adults, no matter their ethnicity or culture, is profound. Speech gives voice to thoughts. Although individual are internalized and therefore silent, language — whether spoken or written — allows for knowledge and information to be shared. Is it the mind or the brain? These are the questions that plague researchers in the field of artificial intelligence, in their perpetual quest to create the first thinking computer. I think that cognitive therapy reinforces the connection between words and speech, whether that speech is silent or verbalized. You find that as they guide you in this journey towards self actualization or whatever they want to call it, they focus on self talk — which is basically what you say about yourself. Some of the self help books even tell you to say things out loud that reinforce that perception you want to create for yourself. I am a likeable person with many friends. I think it does on a certain level and proves that language can change your life. I remember this quite vividly when I took a speed reading course. In that course they taught us to read the words without speaking them in your head as you read; in others, decouple the words from their speech. I admit that it was a very challenging task at first, but as I got better at it, speed reading became easier. Words would go from the page of the book, bypass my speech center, and go directly to my consciousness. They both develop independently. I think the real issue is levels of cognition. For example, a baby has very basic cognitive abilities, enough to understand his basic needs and wants. However, later cognition develops to the point where it can accommodate more abstract thinking. At that stage I believe that language and cognition begin to operate side by side to give meaning to the abstractions, and allow the individual to elucidate ideas on an even deeper level. Then comes the issue of the different forms of language. Personally, I think that the written forms of language enable an individual to flesh out abstract concepts more easily than the spoken forms. With spoken language we deal with the world around us only in very concrete terms in my opinion. The really hard part of that argument is that it would be hard to test. You would basically have to have a child raised without any type of language. As far as ethics go, you could certainly not do it with a human. I don't even think a deaf child would qualify, since he would still have parents teaching him sign language or at least facial expressions. There are a couple of wild hypothetical examples I could think of that would isolate language and cognition. One would be the idea of being raised by wolves or the equivalent. I'm sure there is some kind of case study out there were a child was abandoned, but I'm not a psychologist or sociologist, so I wouldn't know about it. Going back to a deaf child, though, I would be interested to see comparisons between them and regular children. Like someone else mentioned, I don't think language is a requirement for cognizant development, I just think language helps shift development. By that token, a deaf child who didn't have to learn language would be more inclined toward developing tactile skills. Even though dogs and cats don't have language, they are certainly cognizant, because they can understand humans. I would argue he understands the word just as well as any human does: sit means to take a certain position. My dog also knows that some things are good and some things are bad. The other argument about language preceding cognition, I really don't think I could ever agree with. Maybe I am just not thinking about it correctly. What is an example where that would ever be the case? The article says that language is unique to humans, but I strongly disagree. Sure, humans might be the only species that sets its own rules for language, but what is language, really? All it is is a set of symbols and sounds to represent the things we encounter in life. Maybe the only reason other animals don't talk is because humans physically evolved the organs sooner than anything else. Whether you're talking about an ant, a dog, or Albert Einstein, every animal reacts to stimuli in its environment. The only real difference with humans is that we can specifically vocalize our interactions with others of our species. Back to the original point, I think cognition and language have to be separate, because other animals are definitely cognizant, but can't specifically communicate about their surroundings and other abstract ideas. Some very intelligent people have poor grammar and spelling skills. At the same time, though, I can definitely see the argument where they at least have a slight connection. Using my example from above, many intelligent people have poor grammar, but hardly any people who have excellent grammar are unintelligent. I think language is just another skill like art or math. Some people intrinsically understand how words go together to make sentences, and some people could care less. I have friends who speak multiple languages, and they can immediately take a related language and start to pick out the various phrases and parts of speech just based on sentence structure. Give them a math problem, though, and they're terrified. There was actually a study done recently by some researchers who wanted to compare the cognitive abilities of students in Puerto Rico and the US. They found that there were cognitive differences between the two groups and reached the conclusion that language shapes cognition. They said that every language is very unique and so shapes cognition uniquely. Even though everyone is born with the same capacities, our cognition doesn't develop quite the same way if we speak different languages. I actually find this topic really interesting because I'm bilingual. When I think, I can think in either one of my native languages and can very easily go back and forth between the two while speaking. You are so right that there is no hesitation at all while I'm doing all of this. I do it automatically and with ease! I agree with the article that language is the tool with which the cognitive mind expresses itself. It's very dependent on language and it would prove of little value if we couldn't express it. I'm trying to learn a third language right now. When I try to speak it, I can't find the right word a lot of the times. So even though I know what I want to say, I freeze up trying to remember it. It's shown me that a very cognitive person can become a dummy when the language is not available! I don't think I understood the connection between language and cognition so well before. I think that I'm with the position which says that language develops largely independent of cognition. I absolutely feel that we have thought processes much before we are able to speak. I also don't think that language capabilities is a measurement of cognitive ability. My brother for example, has never been very good with language. He has difficulty communicating well and will often make incorrect sentences. Despite this, he is very good cognitively and one of the most intelligent people I know. For me, this is evidence that even though language and cognition are related, they don't develop based on each other. And we can't measure one using the other. What does everyone else think? We often speak without giving much thought to the formation of words, because their meanings are so deeply ingrained within our minds. Once a person develops an adult vocabulary, cognition and language become almost a part of his subconscious mind. Thoughts take the form of sentences without hesitation, and they seem to flow forth from our mouths independent of our control, at times. I don't have to think much about language anymore. It is there to serve me as my mind sees fit. I think that language is the most useful tool of cognition.

Performance was indicated by Mean RT on baseline trials and Mean RT on series trials. Although some of the prime measures have been used in previous research examining the cognitive antecedents of language, studies of this type are somewhat limited, and none have examined measures from multiple cognitive areas at once, a strategy that enables evaluation of the relative importance of each. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1993. Anon, there is a strong crossover effect in relative performance on the two tasks. Representational and symbolic abilities have long been considered necessary for language development, where arbitrary relations must be established between words and their referents. The test trials with the test standard began immediately after these file trials, and there was no coaching or feedback. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. A common understanding between the two rest on the idea that cognitive development in children occurs through stages, however, their approach in identifying these stages highly differ in Medico P. So even though I know what I want to say, I freeze up trying to remember it. Below we provide a brief overview of the measures in each area and their relevance to language. Thus, the previous finding of an inverse relation between civil class and parent report does not appear to be robust. Near the end of their first year of life, babies begin to put together all the language lessons they've learned so far.